Investor Insight

Tartisan Nickel offers investors exposure to a high-grade, advanced-stage nickel sulfide and Copper project in Northwestern, Ontario with existing infrastructure and clear near-term catalysts, alongside a past-producing silver project in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario providing significant upside and growth potential.

Overview

Tartisan Nickel (CSE:TN, OTCQX:TTSRF, FSE:8TA) is a Canadian exploration and critical mineral development company focused on advancing high-quality critical mineral assets in Ontario. The company’s primary asset, the Kenbridge Nickel-Copper Project in Northwestern Ontario, is an advanced-stage nickel sulfide copper deposit hosting nickel, copper and cobalt. Management’s strategy for Kenbridge is straight forward and execution-focused: increase the size and confidence of the Kenbridge resource through drilling, extend mine life, advance to pre-feasibility which will continue de-risk the project.

The Kenbridge project has undergone extensive historical work, including 120,000 meters of drilling.

At the same time, Tartisan controls the Sill Lake Silver Project, a past-producing silver-lead property near Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. With strong commodity fundamentals across nickel, copper and silver, management views Tartisan as a company with “more than one leg under the table,” offering investors exposure to multiple value drivers within a single platform.

Company Highlights

• Clear focus on drilling-driven value creation, with active programs designed to upgrade inferred resources, expand the deposit at depth, and extend the mine life into the mid-teens
• Low-capex development profile relative to many peer Nickel-Copper projects, supported by a 622m shaft, all-season road access, and established infrastructure
• Sill Lake Silver Project provides additional, underappreciated value, offering exposure to silver through a brownfield, past-producing asset with a defined historic resource
• Experienced leadership team with deep capital markets and mine development experience, focused on disciplined capital allocation and unlocking value from opportunity-acquired assets

Key Projects

Kenbridge Nickel-Copper-Cobalt Project

The Kenbridge Project is Tartisan’s flagship asset and the company’s primary focus. It is a high-grade, Class 1 nickel sulfide Copper deposit located in a mining-friendly jurisdiction with established infrastructure and access. Kenbridge benefits from extensive historical work, including 120,000 metres of drilling and a three-compartment shaft extending to a depth of 622 metres, placing the project closer to a brownfield’s asset – and ultimately full feasibility than many earlier-stage peers.

A preliminary economic assessment (PEA) completed in 2022 outlined a potentially economic underground mining operation, supported by relatively modest initial capital requirements compared to large, low-grade nickel projects.

Current drilling is aimed at upgrading inferred resources to measured and indicated categories and expanding the deposit both along strike and at depth, where historical data indicate improving grades.

The company’s near-term objective is to meaningfully extend the mine life beyond the nine years outlined in the PEA, with the longer-term goal of positioning Kenbridge as a strategic asset in a tightening nickel market. With all-season road access, proximity to power, and ongoing engagement with Treaty #3 First Nations ,the Kenbridge Nickel-Copper Deposit is viewed as an advanced stage project with clear pathways to further value creation.

Tartisan Nickel Corp. has been engaging with Treaty # 3 First Nations since May 2007.

Sill Lake Silver-Lead Project

The Sill Lake Project is a 100-percent-owned, past-producing silver-lead asset located approximately 30 kilometres north of Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. The property hosts an NI 43-101-compliant historic mineral resource and benefits from existing underground development, including ramp access and historic workings.

Tartisan considers Sill Lake a brownfields opportunity with relatively low capital intensity, particularly in the context of stronger silver prices. Planned work includes validation of historic data, evaluation of multiple mineralized trends, and the potential for future drilling and bulk sampling. Importantly, management believes Sill Lake’s value is largely unrecognized by the market, providing investors with additional upside that is not currently built into Tartisan’s valuation.

Management Team

Mark Appleby – President, CEO and Director

Mark Appleby has 40 years of experience in investment banking, corporate finance and capital markets. He has helped lead numerous public resource companies through exploration, development and financing cycles, and brings a strong focus on disciplined capital allocation and asset-driven value creation.

Yves Clément – Director

Yves Clément is a professional geologist with more than 36 years of experience in mineral exploration and development across Canada, South America and West Africa, contributing deep technical oversight at the board level.

Carl J. McGill – Director

Carl McGill has over 32 years of experience in capital markets and financial management, with a background spanning banking, corporate finance and public company leadership.

Dean MacEachern – P. Geo., Independent Geological Advisor

Dean MacEachern has more than 36 years of global exploration experience and has worked on the Kenbridge project under previous ownership, providing valuable continuity and geological insight as a Qualified Person under NI 43-101.

Greg Edwards – Kenbridge Project Manager

Greg Edwards brings over 26 years of Canadian exploration and project development experience and plays a key role in advancing Kenbridge while supporting community and First Nations engagement.

Steadright Critical Minerals (CSE:SCM) is a Canadian-listed exploration and development company focused on unlocking value from Morocco’s mineral-rich terrain. It prioritizes assets with past production, strong geological datasets, and defined development pathways, aiming to shorten timelines, lower risk, and balance near-term cash flow with longer-term discovery upside.

Its core assets include the fully permitted, past-producing Goundafa polymetallic mine, the Copper Valley copper-lead-silver project in a proven mining district, and the TitanBeach heavy mineral sands project along Morocco’s Atlantic coast. A recent letter of intent with SilverLine Mining SARL could further strengthen the portfolio by adding a licensed, silver-focused asset, reinforcing Steadright’s strategy of acquiring high-quality, permitted projects.

Operating in Morocco—a jurisdiction known for modern mining legislation, strong infrastructure, and competitive fiscal incentives—Steadright benefits from a supportive mining environment. The company is led by an experienced management team with decades of global mining, exploration, and capital markets expertise, positioning it to advance its projects efficiently.

Company Highlights

• Near-Term Production: The historic Goundafa Polymetallic mine is fully permitted with a legacy of high-grade zinc, lead, copper, silver, and gold production, Goundafa offers near-term, non-dilutive cash flow from historic stockpile sales under a binding processing agreement.
• Diversified Portfolio: Fully permitted Goundafa Polymetallic mine (PbZn-Cu-Ag-Au), the Copper Valley CopperLead-Silver Project, SilverLine Mining Sarl (LOI) and the TitanBeach Heavy Mineral Sands
• Strategic Moroccan Operations: Operating in a mining-friendly jurisdiction with modern legislation, strong infrastructure, and significant fiscal incentives including corporate tax exemptions.
• Experienced Leadership: Management and technical teams bring decades of international mining, exploration, and capital markets experience.

This Steadright Critical Minerals profile is part of a paid investor education campaign.*

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Investor Insight

LaFleur Minerals is advancing a district-scale gold platform anchored by a defined resource base and a fully permitted processing facility in Québec’s Abitibi region. With ongoing mill restart activities and a targeted gold pour on the horizon, the company offers investors exposure to both near-term production potential and meaningful exploration upside.

Overview

LaFleur Minerals (CSE:LFLR,OTCQB:LFLRF) is a growth-oriented gold exploration and development company focused on building a scalable mining platform within Québec’s Abitibi region, a belt that has produced more than 190 million ounces of gold historically. The company’s strategy is centered on advancing its flagship Swanson deposit while leveraging existing infrastructure to accelerate timelines to production.

A key differentiator is LaFleur’s vertically integrated model: combining resource expansion with ownership of a permitted processing facility. This approach reduces development risk, lowers capital intensity, and positions the company to monetize discoveries faster than traditional single-asset explorers.

With a market valuation that management believes does not yet reflect the combined value of its resource base, infrastructure and exploration pipeline, LaFleur offers exposure to both near-term catalysts and long-term district-scale discovery potential.

Company Highlights

• District-Scale Land Position: Controls ~183 sq km of claims near Val‑d’Or in Québec, one of the world’s most prolific gold jurisdictions.
• Flagship Resource Asset: Swanson Gold Project hosts NI 43-101 resources of 123,400 oz indicated and 64,500 oz inferred with expansion potential.
• Strategic Infrastructure Ownership: Owns the fully permitted Beacon Gold Mill with 750 tpd capacity and low restart cost.
• Growth-Focused Exploration: 5,000 m drill program underway targeting resource growth to >1 Moz.
• Proven Asset Consolidation: Claims assembled from prior operators including Monarch Mining, Abcourt Mines and Globex.
• Tier-1 Jurisdiction: Québec ranks among the world’s top mining investment regions according to the Fraser Institute.
• Experienced Leadership: Led by CEO Paul Ténière, a geologist with extensive development and technical reporting expertise.

Key Projects

Swanson Gold Project – Flagship Asset

The Swanson project forms the cornerstone of LaFleur’s growth strategy. Spanning more than 18,300 hectares, the property hosts multiple deposits and mineralized trends along favorable regional structures and deformation corridors. Historic drilling exceeding 36,000 meters demonstrates strong geological continuity and supports expansion potential across the broader land package.

Located approximately 66 km north of Val-d’Or with road and rail access, Swanson sits in close proximity to established operators such as Agnico Eagle and Eldorado, as well as developers including Probe Gold and O3 Mining. Ongoing geophysics, soil geochemistry and drilling continue to identify new targets, reinforcing the project’s potential to evolve into a large-scale gold system.

Project Highlights:

• Spans +18,300 hectares (183 sq km) and rich in gold and critical metals, hosts the Swanson, Bartec and Jolin gold deposits
• Previously held by Monarch Mining, Abcourt Mines and Globex
• Accessible by road/rail, 66 km north of Val-d’Or on the Southend Abitibi gold belt, close proximity to established producers such as Agnico Eagle and Eldorado, as well as developers like Probe Gold and O3 Mining, with direct access to several nearby gold mills
• Mineral resource estimate reinforces status as flagship project:
  • Indicated mineral resource estimate of 2,113,000 t with average grade of 1.8 g/t gold, containing 123,400 oz of gold.
  • Inferred mineral resource estimate of 872,000 t with average grade of 2.3 g/t gold, containing 64,500 oz of gold
  • The project’s current MRE was optimized with a price of gold at US$1,850/oz, current gold market price has hit above US$3,000/oz
• $3 million in flow-through to deploy with immediate plans to increase gold resources through diamond drilling at Swanson, Bartec, Jolin, and other gold deposits
• Other key developments include a decline portal and ramp extending to a depth of 80 metres; well positioned for advanced exploration with over $5 million invested by the previous owner between 2021 and 2023
• Since acquiring the Swanson deposit and consolidating the large claims package, the company has deployed in excess of $1 million in flow-through funds, completed detailed soil geochemistry and prospecting across several gold targets, completed a very-high resolution airborne magnetic and VLF-EM geophysical survey, and is currently in the process of completing a ground IP survey over the Swanson, Jolin, and Bartec gold deposits
• Several new promising gold targets have been identified from the recent surface exploration and geophysics programs, highlighting the potential for mineral resource growth and new discoveries at Swanson

With advanced assets and infrastructure in place, LaFleur Minerals is well-positioned as a leading gold development company in Québec.

Beacon Gold Mill – Near-term Production

The Beacon Gold Mill is a strategically located processing facility less than 50 km from Swanson and represents a rare asset for a junior developer: a fully permitted plant capable of near-term restart. The 750-tpd mill underwent approximately $20 million in upgrades and refurbishment, placing it in excellent operational condition and substantially reducing restart timelines.

An independent valuation by Bumigeme estimated rehabilitation costs at about C$4.1 million and a replacement value exceeding C$71.5 million, underscoring its strategic importance. Beyond processing Swanson material, the mill also offers potential toll-milling revenue from regional deposits, providing LaFleur with multiple pathways to cash flow as it transitions toward producer status.

Project Highlights:

• Capable of custom milling operations for other nearby gold projects
• Currently being evaluated for processing mineralized material from Swanson as part of a high-level preliminary mining and economic study
• Past-producing Beacon Mine is located on the site of the Beacon Mill: the property consists of a mining lease, a mining concession, and 11 mining claims
• Beacon I and II mines include mineralized zones where limited historical gold production was achieved during the period of 1984 to 1988 and again in 2005
• The advancement of operations at the Beacon Mill has transformational qualities for the company, evolving it from explorer to a near-term gold producer in a Tier 1 jurisdiction with significant upside potential

Management Team

Kal Malhi – Chairman

A successful entrepreneur and the founder of Bullrun Capital, Kal Malhi has raised over $300 million for various public and private companies across multiple industries, including mining, biotechnology and technology.

Paul Ténière – CEO

Paul Ténière has more than 20 years of experience in mine development, geology and project management. He has held senior leadership roles across multiple mining companies and is a recognized expert in NI 43-101 compliance and technical reporting.

Harry Nijjar – CFO and Corporate Secretary

Harry Nijjar is currently a managing director with Malaspina Consultants and provides CFO and strategic financial advisory services to his clients across many industries. This experience has allowed him to help his clients successfully navigate regulatory and financial environments within which they operate. Harry holds a CPA CMA designation from the Chartered Professional Accountants of British Columbia and a BComm from the University of British Columbia

Louis Martin – Technical Advisor and Exploration Manager

Louis Martin is a professional geoscientist. and has been a major contributor to the discovery of several gold and base metal deposits during his more than 40-year career. Martin has been fortunate to be part of the exploration teams that were awarded the Discovery of the Year by the AEMQ for the West Ansil Deposit (2005) and the Louvicourt Deposit (1989). He has worked on several advanced exploration projects that included bringing four of these projects into production. For the last eight years, Martin has worked as a technical advisor and geological consultant for numerous junior and major mining companies.

Preet Gill – Director

Preet Gill is a business professional offering leading development and implementation of superior business strategy. Gill has a proven track record of identifying and creating profitable business opportunities, qualifying authentic prospects, and cultivating strong partnerships. She has over 28 years of experience in leadership roles within Home Depot Canada and has an MBA from Royal Roads University and certificates in business leadership from Queen’s University.

Harveer Sidhu – Director

Harveer Sidhu is the founder of BuildSmartr.com and has served as a director, officer and audit committee member for publicly listed companies. Sidhu is experienced in manufacturing, import and exporting, information technology systems, e-commerce and construction project management. He is also the president and director of Beyond Medical Technologies. He holds a bachelor’s degree from Simon Fraser University and has been a licensed builder with BC Housing since 2014.

Michael Kelly – Director

Michael Kelly is a former member of the Canadian Armed Forces Military Police and a retired member of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Kelly currently serves as a Partner at BullRun Capital Inc. and is a respected businessman based in Kelowna, British Columbia. He is also a director and member of the audit committee of Beyond Medical Technologies, an industrial/technology company with a manufacturing facility located in Delta, British Columbia.

Jean Lafleur – Senior Advisor

A highly respected geologist with over 40 years of experience in the mining sector, Jean Lafleur has led multiple exploration programs and mining projects, contributing to major gold discoveries worldwide.

Silverco Mining (TSXV:SICO) is a production-stage silver company targeting opportunities in Mexico’s Sierra Madre Occidental belt. Its primary technical focus is optimizing the wholly owned Cusi Mining Complex in Chihuahua, an 11,665-hectare district-scale property. The site benefits from established, institutional-quality infrastructure—such as direct access to the national power grid and paved roads—significantly lowering the capital requirements for restarting operations.

The company is undertaking a definitive transition toward mid-tier producer status through a binding agreement to acquire Nuevo Silver. This deal gives Silverco control of the La Negra mine in Querétaro, a currently producing asset that delivers immediate top-line revenue. By pairing the near-term restart of the Cusi 1,200 tpd mill with ongoing production at La Negra, Silverco is effectively bypassing the multi-year development cycle typically faced by junior miners.

This “buy-and-build” strategy is driven by a technical team with specialized expertise in Mexican epithermal vein systems and complex underground mine engineering, positioning the company to accelerate growth while maintaining operational discipline.

Company Highlights

• The $62.5 million upsized bought deal financing (closing Q1 2026) and Eric Sprott’s $10 million lead order provide cornerstone validation from a legendary mining investor and the necessary liquidity to fast-track production restarts.
• The updated Mineral Resource Estimate of 41.2 million ounces of silver equivalent (AgEq) in the Measured and Indicated category establishes a high-confidence geological foundation at Cusi, supporting long-term mine planning.
• The dual-track growth strategy involving the Cusi restart and the Nuevo Silver/La Negra acquisition provides immediate production scale and a diversified cash-flow profile across two distinct Mexican mining jurisdictions.
• Pure-play silver exposure with significant de-risking is achieved via the 1,200 tonne-per-day (tpd) Cusi mill, which was producing as recently as 2023, ensuring that surface infrastructure is ‘warm’ and capable of a rapid return to service.
• Imminent exploration catalysts exist following the completion of a 15,000-metre drill program at Cusi; results are currently pending and are expected to define high-grade extensions at the San Miguel vein.

This Silverco Mining profile is part of a paid investor education campaign.*

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Yearly central bank gold purchases since 2019.

Chart via the WGC.

A record 95 percent of respondents to the WGC survey stated their belief that central banks will continue to grow their holdings, with 5 percent suggesting they would hold at current levels. For the second year in a row, no respondents expected reserves to decrease.

The Council found that sentiment was consistent across advanced and emerging economies and reflected the strategic role of gold amid dynamic economic and geopolitical uncertainty.

1. United States

Gold reserves: 8,133.46 metric tons

When it comes to the largest gold depository in the world, the American central bank is number one with 8,133.46 metric tons of gold.

A large percentage of US gold is held in “deep storage” in Denver, Fort Knox and West Point. As the US Treasury explains, deep storage is “that portion of the US Government-owned gold bullion reserve which the Mint secures in sealed vaults that are examined annually by the Treasury Department’s Office of the Inspector General and consists primarily of gold bars.”

The rest of US-owned reserves are held as working stock, which the country’s mint uses as raw material to mint congressionally authorized coins.

2. Germany

Gold reserves: 3,350.3 metric tons

The Bundesbank, Germany’s central bank, currently owns 3,351.53 metric tons of gold. Like many of the central banks on this list, the German national bank stores a significant portion of its gold in foreign central banks.

Today, just over half of Germany’s gold holdings are stored within Frankfurt, while internationally 1,236 MT of gold is stored in the vaults of the New York Federal Reserve, and 12 percent of its holdings are in London.

The Bundesbank’s foreign gold reserves came into question in 2012, when the German Federal Court of Auditors, the Bundesrechnungshof, was openly critical of the Bundesbank’s gold auditing. The German bank issued a public statement defending the security of foreign banks. Privately, the Bundesbank then began the arduous process of repatriating some of its gold stock back to German soil. By 2016, more than 583 MT of gold had been transferred back to Germany.

The economic upheaval and geopolitical volatility brought about by US President Donald Trump’s tariff wars and adversarial posturing toward Europe has led to calls for Germany to consider further repatriating its gold, reported The Guardian in January 2026.

3. Italy

Gold reserves: 2,451.9 metric tons

Banca d’Italia, the national bank of Italy, holds 2,451.84 metric tons of gold. The central bank began amassing its gold in 1893, when three separate financial institutions merged into one. From there, its 78 MT of holdings slowly grew into the large gold reserves it holds today.

Like Germany, Italy stores parts of its reserves offshore. In total, 141.2 MT are located in the UK, 149.3 MT are in Switzerland and 1,061 MT are kept in the US Federal Reserve. Italy houses 1,100 MT of gold domestically.

4. France

Gold reserves: 2,437 metric tons

The Banque de France has 2,437 metric tons of gold reserves, all of which it keeps on hand. The precious metal is stored in the bank’s secure underground vault, dubbed La Souterraine, which is located 27 meters below street level.

La Souterraine’s gold vaults are one of the four designated gold depositories of the International Monetary Fund.

According to Investopedia, the collapse of the Bretton Woods gold standard system was in part due to former French President Charles de Gaulle, who “called the U.S. bluff and began actually trading dollars in for gold from the Fort Knox reserves.” At the time, US President Richard Nixon “was forced to take the U.S. off the gold standard, ending the dollar’s automatic convertibility into gold.”

5. Russia

Gold reserves: 2,326.5 metric tons

The Bank of Russia is the official central bank of the Russian Federation and owns 2,332.74 metric tons of gold. Like France, Russia’s central bank has opted to store all its physical gold domestically. The Bank of Russia stores two-thirds of its gold reserves in a bank building in Moscow, and the remaining one-third in Saint Petersburg.

The majority of the yellow metal is in the form of large, variable-weight standard gold bars weighing between 10 and 14 kilograms. There are also smaller bars on site weighing as much as 1 kilogram each.

Russia, which is the second largest gold producer by country, has been a steady purchaser of the precious metal since roughly 2007, with sales ramping up significantly between 2015 and 2020. However, Russia’s refineries were banned from selling gold bullion into the London market following the country’s invasion of Ukraine. Sanctions by the west also include a freeze on about half of Russia’s gold reserves.

In early 2022, Russia tied its currency, the ruble, to the yellow metal. ‘The plan was to shift the currency away from a pegged value and into the gold standard itself so the ruble would become a credible gold substitute at a fixed rate,’ according to Robert Huish, an Associate Professor in International Development Studies at Dalhousie University.

6. China

Gold reserves: 2,306.3 metric tons

The central bank for Mainland China is the People’s Bank of China (PBoC), located in Beijing. According to the WGC, the national financial institute stores 2,279.56 metric tons of gold, most which has been purchased since 2000. In 2001, the PBoC had 400 MT of gold in reserve, but in just a little more than two decades that total has climbed by 459 percent.

The PBoC issues the Panda gold coin, which was first created in 1982. The Panda coin is now one of the top five bullion coins issued by a central bank. It is among the ranks of the American Eagle, Canadian Maple Leaf, South African Krugerrand and Australian Gold Nugget.

The PBoC was one of the top gold buyers of the world’s central banks for 2024 and 2025, purchasing 44 MT and 27 MT of gold during the years respectively. April 2024 marked the 18th consecutive month of gold buying for China’s central bank, which paused its purchases afterward until picking them up again in November. As of January 2026, it has purchased gold for a further 15 consecutive months.

7. Switzerland

Gold reserves: 1,039.9 metric tons

The Swiss National Bank (SNB) holds the seventh largest central bank gold reserves. Its 1,039.94 metric tons of gold are owned by the state of Switzerland, but the central bank manages and maintains the reserve. The Swiss constitution allows the SNB to buy and sell gold with market trends, but it is not required to report the sales.

After years of opaqueness regarding the country’s golden treasure trove and increased selling in 2011 as prices rose, the Swiss Gold Initiative was launched in 2011.

The initiative called for an amendment to the constitution to add three new points to it. The first was a mandate for all reserve gold to be held physically in Switzerland. The other two dealt with the central bank’s ability to sell its gold reserves, along with a decree that 20 percent of the Swiss bank’s assets be held in gold.

This culminated in a national referendum in 2014 that failed to reach a majority of votes. However, the public conversation did prompt the bank to be more transparent.

According to a 2013 release, the central bank reported that 70 percent of its gold reserve was held domestically, 20 percent was located at the Bank of England and 10 percent was stored with the Bank of Canada.

8. India

Gold reserves: 880.2 metric tons

The Reserve Bank of India is another central bank that has fervently acted to increase its holdings in recent years. It began adding to its gold assets in 2017; however, the majority of its purchases have taken place in the past four years.

Strikingly, after India’s central bank purchased 16 MT of gold in 2023, the institution scooped up another 72 MT of the precious metal in 2024. However, its 2025 purchases totaled just 4 MT, its lowest in eight years.

While more than half of its gold is held overseas in safe custody with the Bank of England and the Bank of International Settlements, about a third of its gold is held domestically. In June 2024, India repatriated 100 MT of gold from the United Kingdom. This was the first time since 1991 that the Reserve Bank of India moved its overseas gold holdings back home.

9. Japan

Gold reserves: 846 metric tons

The Bank of Japan currently holds 846 metric tons of gold. Public information about the Bank of Japan’s gold reserves is hard to come by.

In 2000, the island nation was holding approximately 753 MT of the yellow metal, and by 2004, the Bank of Japan’s gold store had grown to 765.2 MT. Its gold reserves remained at that level until March 2021, when the country purchased 80.76 MT of gold, bringing it to its current total.

10. Turkey

Gold reserves: 613.7 metric tons

The Central Bank of Turkey holds 613.7 metric tons of gold. Turkey has been a consistent gold buyer over the past several years, with its central bank adding 75 MT to its holdings in 2024. While the pace of the country’s buying slowed in 2025, the country accumulated another 27 metric tons through the end of November, making it the year’s fifth-largest gold buyer.

*11. International Monetary Fund

Gold reserves: 2,814 metric tons

The gold reserve held by the International Monetary Fund is the third largest in terms of size at 2,814 metric tons. The large gold reserve was amassed primarily during the founding of the international organization in 1944.

In that inaugural year, it was decided that “25 percent of initial quota subscriptions and subsequent quota increases were to be paid in gold.”

Since 1944, the International Monetary Fund has added gold through the repayment of debts owed by member countries. Nations can also exchange gold for another member country’s currency.